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When it comes to the immune response to COVID-19,

Antibodies play an 
important role1

Antibodies naturally help the immune system defend against viruses like SARS-CoV-21

They can be acquired in different ways, including being delivered directly through monoclonal antibodies, produced in response to vaccination, or produced following SARS-CoV-2 infection.1

Direct delivery of antibodies1

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

  • Delivered directly to the body
  • Can provide antibodies soon after administration without waiting for the immune system to produce them
  • No SARS-CoV-2 infection required

Antibodies produced through an immune response

Vaccination2

  • Exposes the immune system to a SARS-CoV-2 antigen
  • Antibody production develops over time
  • Can help generate immune memory

SARS-CoV-2 infection

  • Exposes the immune system to the SARS-CoV-2 virus3
  • Triggers endogenous antibody production as part of the immune response3
  • Carries the risk of symptomatic illness and complications4

Vaccination remains important, but some patients at increased risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes may not generate sufficient antibodies or may remain at increased risk due to underlying conditions or immune status.5

Vaccination may not result in detectable antibodies for all patients5

Proportion of patients showing no detectable antibodies after ≥3 COVID-19 vaccine doses

~1 out of 3

Patients with a solid organ transplant taking triple immunosuppressive therapy

(n=2847)

~1 out of 2

Patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease taking anti-CD20 therapy

(n=810)

~2 out of 3

Patients with lymphoid malignancy taking anti-CD20 therapy

(n=387)

MELODY was a 2022 study of UK national disease registries that investigated the association between seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after at least 3 COVID-19 vaccines in 3 groups of immunocompromised people (N=28,411).5

Consider the full range of COVID-19 prevention options

As COVID-19 continues to evolve, prevention strategies should evolve with it. Patient risk and immune response can vary; therefore, some at-risk patients may benefit from additional preventive approaches.6,7

COVID-19 prevention includes a range of strategies that can help address individual patient needs. An integrated prevention approach may include7,8:

Icon of a shield with an antibody molecule insidemAbs for appropriate patients
Icon of a vial containing COVID-19 vaccineVaccination
Icon of the Rod of AsclepiusPublic health measures
antibody illustration

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References: 1. CDC. Immunity types. Accessed April 16, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/immunity-types.html 2. CDC. COVID-19 vaccine basics. Accessed September 16, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/vaccines/how-they-work.html 3. Röltgen K, Boyd SD. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(7):1063-1075. 4. CDC. Clinical course: progression, management, and treatment. Accessed September 16, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/management-and-treatment.html 5. Pearce FA et al. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(8):e461-e473. 6. CDC. About COVID-19. Accessed September 16, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/about/index.html 7. CDC. Clinical considerations for special populations. Accessed September 16, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/considerations-special-groups.html 8. CDC. How to protect yourself and others. Accessed August 16, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/prevention/index.html